Transaction Types

A Transaction forms a unit of work. The Transaction manages what happens within that unit of work, and when an error occurs the Transaction can roll back any changes performed. There are the following types of transaction.

  • Transactions can lock all records in a datastore and keep them locked until they are ready to commit their changes. These are known as Pessimistic (or datastore) Transactions.
  • Transactions can simply assume that things in the datastore will not change until they are ready to commit, not lock any records and then just before committing make a check for changes. These are known as Optimistic Transactions.
  • Non-transactional where you perform operations effectively in "auto-commit" mode
Pessimistic (Datastore) Transactions

Pessimistic transactions arent supported in JPA but are provided as a vendor extension. They are suitable for short lived operations where no user interaction is taking place and so it is possible to block access to datastore entities for the duration of the transaction. You would select pessimistic transactions by adding the persistence property datanucleus.Optimistic as false .

By default DataNucleus does not currently lock the objects fetched in a pessimistic transaction, but you can configure this behaviour for RDBMS datastores by setting the persistence property datanucleus.rdbms.useUpdateLock to true . This will result in all "SELECT ... FROM ..." statements being changed to be "SELECT ... FROM ... FOR UPDATE". This will be applied only where the underlying RDBMS supports the "FOR UPDATE" syntax.

With a pessimistic transaction DataNucleus will grab a datastore connection at the first operation, and maintain it for the duration of the transaction. A single connection is used for the transaction (with the exception of any Identity Generation operations which need datastore access, so these can use their own connection).

In terms of the process of a pessimistic (datastore) transaction, we demonstrate this below.

Operation DataNucleus process Datastore process
Start transaction
Persist object Prepare object (1) for persistence Open connection.

Insert the object (1) into the datastore
Update object Prepare object (2) for update Update the object (2) into the datastore
Persist object Prepare object (3) for persistence Insert the object (3) into the datastore
Update object Prepare object (4) for update Update the object (4) into the datastore
Flush No outstanding changes so do nothing
Perform query Generate query in datastore language Query the datastore and return selected objects
Persist object Prepare object (5) for persistence Insert the object (5) into the datastore
Update object Prepare object (6) for update Update the object (6) into the datastore
Commit transaction Commit connection

So here whenever an operation is performed, DataNucleus pushes it straight to the datastore. Consequently any queries will always reflect the current state of all objects in use. However this mode of operation has no version checking of objects and so if they were updated by external processes in the meantime then they will overwrite those changes.

It should be noted that DataNucleus provides two persistence properties that allow an amount of control over when flushing happens with datastore transactions.

  • datanucleus.datastoreTransactionDelayOperations when set to true will try to delay all datastore operations until commit/flush.
  • datanucleus.datastoreTransactionFlushLimit represents the number of dirty objects before a flush is performed. This defaults to 1.


Optimistic Transactions

Optimistic transactions are the only official option in JPA. They are suitable for longer lived operations maybe where user interaction is taking place and where it would be undesirable to block access to datastore entities for the duration of the transaction. The assumption is that data altered in this transaction will not be updated by other transactions during the duration of this transaction, so the changes are not propagated to the datastore until commit()/flush(). The data is checked just before commit to ensure the integrity in this respect. The most convenient way of checking data for updates is to maintain a column on each table that handles optimistic transaction data. The user will decide this when generating their MetaData.

Rather than placing version/timestamp columns on all user datastore tables, JPA1 allows the user to notate particular classes as requiring optimistic treatment. This is performed by specifying in MetaData or annotations the details of the field/column to use for storing the version - see versioning for JPA. With JPA1 you must have a field in your class ready to store the version.

In JPA1 you can read the version by inspecting the field marked as storing the version value.

In terms of the process of an optimistic transaction, we demonstrate this below.

Operation DataNucleus process Datastore process
Start transaction
Persist object Prepare object (1) for persistence
Update object Prepare object (2) for update
Persist object Prepare object (3) for persistence
Update object Prepare object (4) for update
Flush Flush all outstanding changes to the datastore Open connection.

Version check of object (1)

Insert the object (1) in the datastore.

Version check of object (2)

Update the object (2) in the datastore.

Version check of object (3)

Insert the object (3) in the datastore.

Version check of object (4)

Update the object (4) in the datastore.
Perform query Generate query in datastore language Query the datastore and return selected objects
Persist object Prepare object (5) for persistence
Update object Prepare object (6) for update
Commit transaction Flush all outstanding changes to the datastore Version check of object (5)

Insert the object (5) in the datastore

Version check of object (6)

Update the object (6) in the datastore.

Commit connection.

Here no changes make it to the datastore until the user either commits the transaction, or they invoke flush(). The impact of this is that when performing a query, by default, the results may not contain the modified objects unless they are flushed to the datastore before invoking the query. Depending on whether you need the modified objects to be reflected in the results of the query governs what you do about that. If you invoke flush() just before running the query the query results will include the changes. The obvious benefit of optimistic transaction is that all changes are made in a block and version checking of objects is performed before application of changes, hence this mode copes better with external processes updating the objects.

See also :-



No Transactions

DataNucleus allows the ability to operate without transactions. With JPA this is the default behaviour. DataNucleus supports these allowing the ability to read objects and make updates outside of transactions. Persist and Delete non-transactional updates are committed to the datastore at the end of the operation, so are in the datastore when control returns to your application. Any other non-transactional updates are committed to the datastore by the subsequent transaction , with the updates being queued until that point.