JDO : Attach/Detach

JDO provides an interface to the persistence of objects. JDO 1.0 doesn't provide a way of taking an object that was just persisted and just work on it and update the persisted object later. The user has to copy the fields manually and copy them back to the persisted object later. JDO 2.0 introduces a new way of handling this situation, by detaching an object from the persistence graph, allowing it to be worked on in the users application. It can then be attached to the persistence graph later. Please refer to Object Lifecycle for where this fits in. The first thing to do to use a class with this facility is to tag it as "detachable". This is done by adding the attribute

<class name="MyClass" detachable="true">

This acts as an instruction to the enhancement process to add methods necessary to utilise the attach/detach process.

The following code fragment highlights how to use the attach/detach mechanism

Product working_product=null;
Transaction tx=pm.currentTransaction();
try
{
    tx.begin();

    Product prod=new Product(name,description,price);
    pm.makePersistent(prod);

    // Detach the product for use
    working_product = (Product)pm.detachCopy(prod);

    tx.commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
    // Handle the exception
}
finally
{
    if (tx.isActive())
    {
        tx.rollback();
    }
}

// Work on the detached object in our application
working_product.setPrice(new_price);

...

// Reattach the updated object
tx = pm.currentTransaction();
try
{
    tx.begin();

    Product attached_product = pm.makePersistent(working_product);

    tx.commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
    // Handle the exception
}
finally
{
    if (tx.isActive())
    {
        tx.rollback();
    }
}

So we now don't need to do any manual copying of object fields just using a simple call to detach the object, and then attach it again later. Here are a few things to note with attach/detach :-

  • Calling detachCopy on an object that is not detachable will return a transient instance that is a COPY of the original, so use the COPY thereafter.
  • Calling detachCopy on an object that is detachable will return a detached instance that is a COPY of the original, so use this COPY thereafter
  • A detached object retain the id of its datastore entity. Detached objects should be used where you want to update the objects and attach them later (updating the associated object in the datastore. If you want to create copies of the objects in the datastore with their own identities you should use makeTransient instead of detachCopy.
  • Calling detachCopy will detach all fields of that object that are in the current Fetch Group for that class for that PersistenceManager.
  • By default the fields of the object that will be detached are those in the Default Fetch Group.
  • You should choose your Fetch Group carefully, bearing in mind which object(s) you want to access whilst detached. Detaching a relation field will detach the related object as well.
  • If you don't detach a field of an object, you cannot access the value for that field while the object is detached.
  • If you don't detach a field of an object, you can update the value for that field while detached, and thereafter you can access the value for that field.
  • Calling makePersistent will return an (attached) copy of the detached object. It will attach all fields that were originally detached, and will also attach any other fields that were modified whilst detached.

When attaching an object graph (using makePersistent()) DataNucleus will, by default, make a check if each detached object has been detached from this datastore (since they could have been detached from a different datastore). This clearly can cause significant numbers of additional datastore activity with a large object graph. Consequently we provide a PMF property datanucleus.attachSameDatastore which, when set to true, will omit these checks and assume that we are attaching to the same datastore they were detached from.

To read more about attach/detach and how to use it with fetch-groups you can look at our Tutorial on DAO Layer design.

If you try to access a field in a detached object that was not detached when the object was detached then you will likely have a JDODetachedFieldAccessException thrown. To avoid this you should detach the field when detaching the object, so either you didn't specify a large enough value for "maxFetchDepth" (pm.getFetchPlan().setMaxFetchDepth(val)), or you didn't have a large enough value of "recursionDepth" for that field (where the field is recursive), or maybe the FetchPlan simply didn't include that field.

Detach All On Commit

JDO2 also provides a mechanism whereby all objects that were enlisted in a transaction are automatically detached when the transaction is committed. You can enable this in one of 3 ways. If you want to use this mode globally for all PersistenceManagers (PMs) from a PersistenceManagerFactory (PMF) you could either set the PMF property "datanucleus.DetachAllOnCommit", or you could create your PMF and call the PMF method setDetachAllOnCommit(true). If instead you wanted to use this mode only for a particular PM, or only for a particular transaction for a particular PM, then you can call the PM method setDetachAllOnCommit(true) before the commit of the transaction, and it will apply for all transaction commits thereafter, until turned off (setDetachAllOnCommit(false). Here's an example

// Create a PMF
...

// Create an object
MyObject my = new MyObject();

PersistenceManager pm = pmf.getPersistenceManager();
Transaction tx = pm.currentTransaction();
try
{
    tx.begin();

    // We want our object to be detached when it's been persisted
    pm.setDetachAllOnCommit(true);

    // Persist the object that we created earlier
    pm.makePersistent(my);

    tx.commit();
    // The object "my" is now in detached state and can be used further
}
finally
{
    if (tx.isActive)
    {
        tx.rollback();
    }
}

Copy On Attach

By default when you are attaching a detached object it will return an attached copy of the detached object. JDO2.1 provides a new feature that allows this attachment to just migrate the existing detached object into attached state.

You enable this by setting the PersistenceManagerFactory (PMF) property datanucleus.CopyOnAttach to false. Alternatively you can use the methods PersistenceManagerFactory.setCopyOnAttach(boolean flag) or PersistenceManager.setCopyOnAttach(boolean flag). If we return to the example at the start of this page, this now becomes

// Reattach the updated object
pm.setCopyOnAttach(false);
tx = pm.currentTransaction();
try
{
    tx.begin();

    // working product is currently in detached state

    pm.makePersistent(working_product);
    // working_product is now in persistent (attached) state

    tx.commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
    // Handle the exception
}
finally
{
    if (tx.isActive())
    {
        tx.rollback();
    }
}

Please note that if you try to attach two detached objects representing the same underlying persistent object within the same transaction (i.e a persistent object with the same identity already exists in the level 1 cache), then a JDOUserException will be thrown.


Detach On Close

A backup to the above programmatic detachment of instances is that when you close your PersistenceManager you can opt to have all instances currently cached in the Level 1 Cache of that PersistenceManager detached automatically. This means that you can persist instances, and then when you close the PM the instances will be detached and ready for further work. This is a DataNucleus extension. It is recommended that you use "detachAllOnCommit" since that is standard JDO and since this option will not work in J2EE environments where the PersistenceManager close is controlled by the J2EE container

You enable this by setting the PersistenceManagerFactory (PMF) property datanucleus.DetachOnClose when you create the PMF. Let's give an example

// Create a PMF with the datanucleus.DetachOnClose property set to "true"
...

// Create an object
MyObject my = new MyObject();

PersistenceManager pm = pmf.getPersistenceManager();
Transaction tx = pm.currentTransaction();
try
{
    tx.begin();

    // Persist the object that we created earlier
    pm.makePersistent(my);

    tx.commit();

    pm.close();
    // The object "my" is now in detached state and can be used further
}
finally
{
    if (tx.isActive)
    {
        tx.rollback();
    }
}

That is about as close to transparent persistence as you will find. When the PM is closed all instances found in the L1 Cache are detached using the current FetchPlan, and so all fields in that plan for the instances in question will be detached at that time.

Detached Fields

When an object is detached it is typically passed to a different layer of an application and potentially changed. During the course of the operation of the system it may be required to know what is loaded in the object and what is dirty (has been changed since detaching). DataNucleus provides an extension to allow interrogation of the detached object.

String[] loadedFieldNames = NucleusJDOHelper.getLoadedFields(obj, pm);
String[] dirtyFieldNames = NucleusJDOHelper.getDirtyFields(obj, pm);

So you have access to the names of the fields that were loaded when detaching the object, and also to the names of the fields that have been updated since detaching.

Serialization of Detachable classes

During enhancement of Detachable classes, a field called jdoDetachedState is added to the class definition. This field allows reading and changing tracking of detached objects while they are not managed by a PersistenceManager.

When serialization occurs on a Detachable object, the jdoDetachedState field is written to the serialized object stream. On deserialize, this field is written back to the new deserialized instance. This process occurs transparently to the application. However, if deserialization occurs with an un-enhanced version of the class, the detached state is lost.

Serialization and deserialization of Detachable classes and un-enhanced versions of the same class is only possible if the field serialVersionUID is added. It's recommended during development of the class, to define the serialVersionUID and make the class to implement the java.io.Serializable interface, as the following example:

class MyClass implements java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2765740961462495537L; // any random value here
    
    //.... other fields
}